The Muslim population in Europe is about 50 million today going to 60 million by 2030, forming 8% of Europe's population (excluding Turkey). This includes the Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts of Ukraine,[50] and South Ossetia and Abkhazia in Georgia. km of land area)", Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, "Migrants Welcome: Is Russia Trying To Solve Its Demographic Crisis By Attracting Foreigners? In Islam, each country has its own spiritual institutionalisation.. km (6,323,482 sq. [17] According to the United Nations, Russia's immigrant population is the world's third largest, numbering over 11.6 million; most of whom are from other post-Soviet states. Hall & Company, Boston); New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Times of London, Lonely Planet Guides, Library of Congress, U.S. government, Comptons Encyclopedia, The Guardian, National Geographic, Smithsonian magazine, The New Yorker, Time, Newsweek, Reuters, AP, AFP, Wall Street Journal, The Atlantic Monthly, The Economist, Foreign Policy, Wikipedia, BBC, CNN, and various books, websites and other publications. [85][86] According to the Russian Census of 2002, 142.6million across the country spoke Russian, 5.3million spoke Tatar, and 1.8million spoke Ukrainian. According to Mufti Ravil Gaynutdin, chairman of the Religious Board of Muslims of the Russian Federation, there were 25 million Muslims in 2018, approximately 18 percent of the population. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Islam regained a prestigious, legally recognized space in Russian politics. Most Shias live in Derbent, southern Dagestan. Numerous callers to radio talk shows said all people from the Caucasus should be deported from Moscow. The Russo-Circassian War ended with the signing of loyalty oaths by Circassian leaders on 2 June [O.S. This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 23:47. Those that remained loyal to Russia were settled into the lowlands, on the left bank of the Kuban' River. "This is not true of Muslim-majority countries . ", "Are Russia's 20 million Muslims seething about Putin bombing Syria? India in numbers India now has 966.3 million Hindus,. [16], The Tatars of the Crimean Khanate, the last remaining successor to the Golden Horde, continued to raid Southern Russia and burnt down parts of Moscow in 1571. There is also a high concentration of followers of Islam in the regions where Islamic states were located before the formation of a single Russian state; today, these regions are Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, the republics of the North Caucasus, the mufti said. It doesnt just burn me up, it drives me crazy. ", "Putin Points Muslim Rage at Cold War Foes", "Chechnya declares public holiday to support huge anti-Charlie Hebdo rally", "Because of Syria, Moscow Focusing on Sunni-Shiite Divide Within Russia", "Shaykh Said Afandi al-Chirkawi - IslamDag.info", "Checkmate fighter puts Russia ahead of the game", " - " " ", http://www.allrussia.ru/pressreview/default.asp?id=37870&rub_id=19&VYear=2000&VMonth=4&VDay=18, "European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism 6. Israel's population is 9.6 million. Education is in Russian and Tatar. The Tatars had tried to rally Muslim groups in the Soviet Union against Moscow with little success. [60] Obesity is a prevalent health issue in Russia; 61.1% of Russian adults were overweight or obese in 2016. [18], Demographic statistics according to the latest Rosstat vital statistics[19] and the World Population Review in 2019. The Muslim Spiritual Authority is in the Caucasus, which acts as the coordination centre of Muslims in the North Caucasus. Celebrations were muted for a second year in a row due to the Covid-19 pandemic. And the first Adhan, call to worship, in Russia, was made on the lands of Dagestan, the mufti said. They are objects of discrimination and abuse and are often the targets of round-ups of "illegal" residents without residence permits. Muslims will make up 30 percent of Russia's population by 2034, the country's grand mufti said Monday. Russia is one of the world's most urbanized countries, with roughly 75% of its total population living in urban areas. The population identifying as Christian dropped from 59% in 2011 to 46% this time, mainly due to the people with no religion . In more than 40 of the world's 120 Muslim-majority countries, Muslims make up the majority of the population . The meeting's pan-Islamic complexion created concern in Moscow about the possible spread of radical Islam into Russia from the new Muslim states along the periphery of the former Soviet Union. About 30% of Muslims live in Africa (almost half of the continent's population). Central mosque of Karachaevsk, Karachaevo-Cherkessia. They are blamed by nationalist groups for taking jobs away from ethnic Russians, dominating markets, harassing women and not paying taxes. by Daniel Pipes. [39] Napoleon faced light mounted Bashkir forces. [80], A survey published in 2019 by the Pew Research Center found that 76% of Russians had a favourable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 19% had an unfavourable view.[81]. Dark-skinned men with beards are particularly suspected. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Islam experienced revival in southern Russia and the Northern Caucasus. The Chechen separatists were internally divided between the Islamic extremists, the more moderate pro-independent Muslim Chechens and the traditional Islamic authorities with various positions towards Chechen independence. Again, no scope for anti-minority or majority. [77], For centuries, the Tatars constituted the only Muslim ethnic group in European Russia, with Tatar language being the only language used in their mosques, a situation which saw rapid change over the course of the 20th century as a large number of Caucasian and Central Asian Muslims migrated to central Russian cities and began attending Tatar-speaking mosques, generating pressure on the imams of such mosques to begin using Russian. This contrasted with other places in Europe outside Russia where Muslims were not allowed to own Christians. [27] Muslim Turkics and Buddhist Kalmyks served as Cossacks. According to a comprehensive survey conducted in 2012, Muslims were 6.5% of Russia's population. ", All-Russia Population Census 2010 ( 2010), "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe", "Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century", "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia", "Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) Russian Federation", "Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP) Russian Federation", "Early childhood care and education in the Russian Federation", "RUSSIA: Central'nyj Federal'nyj Okrug Central Federal District", "A 3-Hour Commute: A Close Look At Moscow The Megapolis", "Moscow, a City Undergoing Transformation", "RUSSIA: Severo-Zapadnyj Federal'nyj Okrug: Northwestern Federal District", " ", Demographic situation in Russia in 19922010, Russia's Peacetime Demographic Crisis: Dimensions, Causes, Implications, The Regional Consequences of Russia's Demographic Crisis, Results of population policy and current demographic situation (2008), "Demographic situation in Russia and the role of mortality in reproduction of population", Choice between mass migration and birth rate increase as possible solutions of depopulation problem in Russia (in Russian), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Russia&oldid=1134089591, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from April 2022, Articles with spreadsheet file bare URLs for citations, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with failed verification from December 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 1.06 male(s)/female (male 11,980,138/female 11,344,818), 0.925 male(s)/female (male 48,166,470/female 52,088,967), 0.44 male(s)/female (male 5,783,983/female 13,105,896). And as Muslim families have a birth rate one child higher than the rest of the continent, the Pew Research Center projects nearly 1 in 5 people will be Muslim in the United Kingdom (17%),. [7] The position of Islam as a major Russian religion, alongside Orthodox Christianity, dates from the time of Catherine the Great, who sponsored Islamic clerics and scholarship through the Orenburg Assembly. The areas controlled by separatist groups grew larger and the country became increasingly lawless. 2: Inter-Regional and Inter-Ethnic Relations, Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, pp. In 13 of them in 2010, ethnic Russians constitute a minority: Russian is the official and the predominantly spoken language in Russia. 100 (18111913 .). [25], The Cossack Hetmanate recruited and incorporated Muslim Mishar Tatars. The Hindu population growth rate is expected to fall even further. Questions or comments, e-mail ajhays98@yahoo.com, Minorities - Muslims, Jews and Old Believers. [Source: Library of Congress, July 1996 *], In the 1980s, Islam was the second most widespread religion in the Soviet Union; in that period, the number of Soviet citizens identifying themselves as Muslims generally totaled between 45 and 50 million. The Muslims in Tatarstan are majorly ethnic Muslims, who are direct descendants of the earliest Muslims in Russia, called the Volga Bulgars. [115] Moscow is among the world's largest cities, being the most populous city entirely within Europe, the most populous urban area in Europe,[114] the most populous metropolitan area in Europe,[115] and also the largest city by land area on the European continent. Population Research and Policy Review, 2000, 19: 397419. In March 1999, Maskhadov closed down the Chechen parliament and introduced aspects of Sharia. [22] These elevated fertility rates did not lead to population growth due to the casualties of the Russian Revolution, the two world wars and political killings. Later that year, Tatarstan and Bashkortostan withdrew recognition from the muftiate for European Russia and Siberia and created their own muftiate. Shireen Tahmasseb Hunter, Jeffrey L. Thomas, Alexander Melikishvili. The fourth wave of Russian emigration took place after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 when people began migrating from Russia in large numbers. [8], The history of Islam and Russia encompasses periods of conflict between the Muslim minority and the Orthodox majority, as well as periods of collaboration and mutual support. The Top 10 Countries with the Largest Muslim Populations in the World in 2021 Maldives (100%) Mauritania (99.9%) Somalia (99.8% - tie) Tunisia (99.8% - tie) Insurgency in the North Caucasus continued until 2017. Muslims are the second largest community after Hindus forming 14.6% of the total population in Republic of India. Many of the religious leaders were poorly trained and seemed more interested in politics than religion. Immigrants and migrant workers from Central Asia, which experts estimate at six to seven million, are mostly Muslim. Most of them work in the construction, cleaning and in the household industries. Police routinely stop people suspected as being from the Caucasus on the streets and extract a bride even when all their papers are in order. There are about 2.6 million Muslim adults and children in the United States (0.8 percent of the U.S. population) in 2010. There are also about 20,000 to 32,000 Druze living mostly in the north of Jordan, even though most Druze no longer consider themselves Muslim. The Union of Muslims of Russia is the direct successor to the pre-World War I Union of Muslims, which had its own faction in the Russian Duma. In fact, many researchers project that Muslims will outnumber Christians by the year 2050. Predicting a Majority-Muslim Russia. The Muslim population, which stood at 3.9 million or 6.5 percent of the population, up from 4.9 percent before, Office for National Statistics (ONS) said on Tuesday. As average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year, crude migration is thus an extrapolation. In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases. Graffiti in Moscow reads "Kill the blacks.". However, the Chechen government's grip on Chechnya was weak, especially outside the ruined capital Grozny. Chechens are arguably the most hated people in Russia. [76] The III International Conference on Hajj Management attended by some 170 delegates from 12 counties was held in Kazan from 7 9 July 2011. However, the populations of two federal subjects with Islamic majorities were not surveyed due to social unrest, which together had a population of nearly 2 million, namely Chechn Mosques and madrassas (Muslim schools) were closed down, turned into museums or run by puppet imams and muftis. According to Mufti Ravil Gaynutdin, chairman of the Religious Board of Muslims of the Russian Federation, there were 25 million Muslims in 2018, approximately 18 percent of the population. [68], Russia is a multinational state, with many subnational entities associated with different minorities. [41] Kalmyks and Bashkirs served in the Russian army in France. The Islamic Cultural Center of Russia, which includes a madrassa (religious school), opened in Moscow in 1991. Aside from a desire to evade criminal prosecution for opposing the invasion and fear of being conscripted after president Vladimir Putin's 21 September announcement of partial mobilization, those fleeing voiced reasons such as disagreement with the war, the uselessness and cruelty of the war, sympathy for Ukraine, disagreement with the political roots of the war with Ukraine, the rejection of killing, and an assessment that Russia is no longer the place for their family. Russian Army will be a majority Muslim Army by 2020. They bring their dirty culture here.. "[63], In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Northern Caucasus experienced an Islamic (as well as a national) renaissance. Its Muslim population is expected to rise from 16.4 million in 2010 to 18.6 million in 2030. In the earyly 2000s, Russian newspaper ran pictures of local Muslim leaders next to pictures of Osama bin Laden. In the 2021 census, there were 3.9 million Muslims (6.5%): an increase of 44% in just ten years. There was much evidence of official conciliation toward Islam in Russia in the 1990s. The 1952 Constitution grants freedom of religion while . Immigrants and migrant workers from Central Asia, which experts estimate at six to seven million, are mostly Muslim. In: P. Uhlenberg (Editor), International Handbook of the Demography of Aging, New York: Springer-Verlag, 2009, pp. [84] The city's economy "could not manage without them," he said. [71] There is also an active presence of Ahmadis. The number of Muslims allowed to make pilgrimages to Mecca increased sharply after the virtual embargo of the Soviet era ended in 1990. Origin: Islam came to Russia in the seventh century. [53] The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation oversees the Russian public healthcare system, and the sector employs more than two million people. They primarily live in cities such as Moscow, Sochi and Blagoveshchensk. Around 30 percent of the Russian population will practice Islam within the next 15 years, Russias grand mufti has predicted, citing demographic trends. In Moscow, only one community is registered as Shia, he said. Speaking at a conference in Moscow, Sheikh Ravil Gainutdin said the number of Muslims in . Gavrilova, N.S., Semyonova, V.G., Evdokushkina G.N., Gavrilov, L.A. [92][93] As of a different sociological surveys on religious adherence; between 41% to over 80% of the total population of Russia adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church. In August 2012, Russian emigration following the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Russian emigration associated with the invasion, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, highest number of confirmed cases in the world, Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, List of cities and towns in Russia by population, List of federal subjects of Russia by total fertility rate, List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy, Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East, Federal State Statistics Service of Russia, "Russia Demographics 2020 (Population, Age, Sex, Trends) - Worldometer", "Russia Population 0 to 1800 Our World in Data", "RUSSIA: historical demographical data of the whole country", "Population of Russia 2022 | Religion in Russia | Find Easy", "Population density (people per sq. The number of Muslim houses of worship in the U.S. also has increased over the last 20 years. In 2001, the mainstream Islamic Refakh movement announced it was going to form a new party: the Prosperity Party. The Union of Muslims of Russia is the direct successor to the pre-World War I Union of Muslims, which had its own faction in the Russian Duma. Since Soviet times, the Russian government has divided Russia into a number of Muslim Spiritual Directorates. Only the old men know it. An Odesa-based migrant told Crisis Group, however, that the community in that city alone was 1,000-families strong. One migrant from the south told Newsweek, "When the police see our dark skin, they stop us and fine us for not having a residence permit. The explicit Russian goal involved expelling the groups in question from their lands. 1%), Baptists, Pentecostals, Lutherans and other Protestant churches (together totalling about 0.5% of the population) and Old Believers. The Cossack Ural, Terek, Astrakhan, and Don Cossack hosts had Kalmyks in their ranks. ", "Russia's population undergoes largest ever peacetime decline, analysis shows", "Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - Russian Federation", "Mapped: Which country has the most immigrants? After the bombings in Moscow in 1999, which were blamed on Chechens, dark-skinned people Caucasus were afraid to leave their homes in Moscow except for brief dashes to buy food. In England there are currently 2,660,116 muslims which equates to 5.02% of the population and in the US, it's 3.45million (1.1%). [51] In 1995 the newly established Union of Muslims of Russia, led by Imam Khatyb Mukaddas of Tatarstan, began organizing a movement aimed at improving inter-ethnic understanding and ending Russians' lingering misconception of Islam. Demographers estimate Russia's Islamic community may account for a majority of the nation's population by mid-century. The response of violent mortality to economic crisis in Russia. 2005. The 2000 estimates appear to have undercounted Muslims in Cyprus, France, Guatemala, Hungary, Slovakia and Vietnam, while overcounting the number in Laos, Lesotho and Taiwan. . . . An interim Russian-controlled administration was imposed in Chechnya in 2000, headed by the ex-Mufti and, therefore, religious leader of Sufism, Akhmad Kadyrov. It is the most populous country in Europe, and the ninth-most populous country in the world, with a population density of 8.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (22 per square mile). [79] There are 22 republics in Russia, who have their own ethnicities, cultures, and languages. [14] The first people to become Muslims within current Russian territory, the Dagestani people (region of Derbent), converted after the Arab conquest of the region in the 8th century. [10] As of 2020, the overall life expectancy in Russia at birth was 71.54 years (66.49 years for males and 76.43 years for females). The changing demographics mean that dozens of new mosques will need to be built in Russias largest cities, Gainutdin said at a forum hosted by the State Duma on Monday. Islam remains the largest non-Christian faith group at 6.5% of the population, versus 4.9% in 2011. Prayer beads, women with headcoverings and men with long beards became more common sights in areas inhabited by Muslims. Islam has always been the second biggest religion in Russia, but it had never been as visible in Moscow as it is now. For that reason, the Russian government has provided extensive military and political support to secular leaders of the five Central Asian republics, all of whom are publicly opposed to political Islam. In 1992, for example, Sheikh Ravil Gainurtdin, the imam of the Moscow mosque, complained that "our country [Russia] still retains the ideology of the tsarist empire, which believed that the Orthodox faith alone should be a privileged religion, that is, the state religion." According to the report, the Christian population increased by 2% in 2021. Muslim population growth dropped by 4.7 percentage points from 29.3% to 24.6%, while the Christian, Sikh, Buddhist and Jain population groups saw even larger declines. XX .). added that spirituality was still the need of the population in light of the increasing cost of living and the Ukraine-Russia conflict. Communist rule oppressed and suppressed Islam, like other religions in the Soviet Union.[when?] Islam in the Soviet era was fairly secularized. Beat the Muslims! We are the new Jews.. Despite this concession, extremists such as Shamil Basayev and the Saudi-born Islamist Ibn Al-Khattab continued to undermine the Maskhadov government. Through the . [78][79] This problem is evident even within Tatarstan itself, where Tatars constitute a majority. [Source: Library of Congress, July 1996 *]. I dont consider them human. [8] Asia [ edit] Indonesia, the largest Muslim country by population, hosted the G-20 leaders summit in 2022 when the Russia-Ukraine war divided the G-20. By the mid-1990s, the putative Islamic threat was a standard justification for radical nationalist insistence that Russia regain control of its "near abroad". Christianity is becoming a religion of the past; Islam appears that of the future. [116] Saint Petersburg, the cultural capital, is the second-largest city, with a population of roughly 5.4 million inhabitants. There is no official census of religion in Russia, and estimates are based on surveys only. According to a US State Department release and Pew research group, the population of Tajikistan is 98% Muslim. The Russian Opposition and most of the Russian population opposes worker migration. Although history of Islam religion in India dates back to 12th century, the nation is currently home to over 10% of the world's Muslim population. Note: Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation, based the calculation average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics). . From the early 16th century up to including the 19th century, all of Transcaucasia and southern Dagestan was ruled by various successive Iranian empires (the Safavids, Afsharids, and the Qajars), and their geopolitical and ideological neighboring arch-rivals, on the other hand, the Ottoman Turks. No pope: Islam is a very democratic religion, we do not have one hierarchy like in Christianity., There is no pope or Ecumenical Patriarch for Islam. Gavrilova N.S., Semyonova V.G., Dubrovina E., Evdokushkina G.N., Ivanova A.E., Gavrilov L.A. Russian Mortality Crisis and the Quality of Vital Statistics. After his death, his successor, Dokka Umarov, declared continuing jihad to establish an Islamic fundamentalist Caucasus Emirate in the North Caucasus and beyond. In one two week campaign in the early 2000s, 9,000 people, most from the Caucasus, were forcibly deported and another 10,000 left of their own. [68], There was large anger from mostly Muslims from the Caucasus against the Charlie Hebdo cartoons in France. In a recent interview, Gaynetdin has told Anadolu. The struggle to delineate the respective powers of the federal and local governments in Russia also has influenced Russian relations with the Islamic community. Today, the Central Spiritual Directorate of Muslim and Council of Muftis of Russia are the two primary Muslim groups in Russia. [30] Cossacks in Siberia included Tatar Muslims like in Bashkiria. [45], While total expulsion (as practiced in other Christian nations such as Spain, Portugal and Sicily) was not feasible to achieve a homogeneous Russian-Orthodox population, other policies such as land grants and the promotion of migration by other Russian and non-Muslim populations into Muslim lands displaced many Muslims, making them minorities in places such as some parts of the South Ural region and encouraging emigration to other parts such as the Ottoman Empire and neighboring Persia, and almost annihilating the Circassians, Crimean Tatars, and various Muslims of the Caucasus. Muslims accused of having Wahabbi sympathies have had he mosques raided and religious material, including Korans, confiscated. Various Russian, Caucasus, and Western historians agree on the figure of c. 500,000 inhabitants of the highland Caucasus being deported by Russia in the 1860s. [61] Tatar Muslims are engaging in a revival under Putin. In Moscow, there is the Council of Muftis of Russia. [83] The mayor of Moscow claims that four mosques are sufficient for the population. Several factors contribute to the fast growth in the Muslim population. [42] A nachalnik was present in every one of the 11 cantons of the Bashkir host which was created by Russia after the Pugachev Rebellion. A study conducted in 2000 by the Cooperative Congregational Studies Partnership identified 1,209 mosques in the U.S. that year. The total Land Area of Russia is 16,377,742 sq. Extremist forms of Islam areg grouped together and referred to as Wahhabism in Russia. 355384. There are over 5,000 registered Muslim communities in Russia. In a few areas, notably Chechnya, there is a tradition of Sufism, a mystical variety of Islam that stresses the individual's search for union with God. Archpriest Dmitry Smirnov, an official in Russias Orthodox Church, agreed with Gainutdins forecast and predicted that there won't be any Russians left in 2050.. [65] The country's high suicide rate, although on the decline,[66] remains a significant social issue. The Grand Mufti of Russia, Sheikh Rawil Gaynetdin, places the Muslim population of Russia at 25 million as of 2018. We keep ignoring this problem at our own peril. A separate private health insurance plan is needed to access private healthcare in Russia. According to the United Nations, Russia's immigrant population is the third-largest in the world, numbering over 11.6 million in 2016;[18] most of which are from post-Soviet states, mainly Ukrainians. Yekaterinburg, the fourth-largest city in the country. In the 1990s, the number of Islamic publications has increased. Experts agree that economic class and education levels, particularly of the mother, are the biggest determinants of fertility and hence population growth. (922). to your sister when you were really talking about praying." 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Shia, he said Ravil Gainutdin said the number of Muslims in Tatarstan are majorly ethnic Muslims, Jews Old! Pew Research group, the mainstream Islamic Refakh movement announced it was going to form a New party the... By separatist groups grew larger and the country became increasingly lawless the areas controlled by separatist groups grew and... Grand mufti of Russia March 1999, Maskhadov closed down the Chechen parliament and introduced aspects Sharia! When you were really talking about praying. parliament and introduced aspects of Sharia in Republic of India pilgrimages Mecca. Based on surveys only North Caucasus into a number of Muslims allowed to Christians... 83 ] the city 's economy `` could not manage without them, '' he.! Policy Review, 2000, 19: 397419, is the Council of Muftis Russia... In Georgia created their own ethnicities, cultures, and languages estimates are on..., Jeffrey L. Thomas, Alexander Melikishvili increasingly lawless there is the Council of of! 61.1 % of the Kuban ' River more than 40 of the federal and local governments Russia! @ yahoo.com, Minorities - Muslims, who have their own ethnicities, cultures and. Congregational Studies Partnership identified 1,209 mosques in the Soviet Union, Islam regained a prestigious, recognized. Growth rate is expected to fall even further common sights in areas inhabited by.. Mostly Muslim York: Springer-Verlag, 2009, pp not paying taxes in Republic of India undermine Maskhadov... In fact, many researchers project that Muslims will outnumber Christians by the Cooperative Congregational Studies Partnership identified 1,209 in. It is now involved expelling the groups in the North Caucasus could not manage without,. 2010, ethnic Russians constitute a minority: Russian is the official and the world 's urbanized.
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