A member of the Oriental Orthodox family of Churches, the Church of Ethiopia shares with them in essence a common faith. [12], Liturgical chant used by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Saint Yared's Hymn for the Feast of Saint Stephen, "Ethiopian chant | vocal music | Britannica", "Ethiopian Christian Liturgical Chant & Historical Context", "Choeur Saint Yared: Chants de L'glise thiopienne", "Oral and Written Transmission in Ethiopian Christian Chant", Norwegian University of Science and Technology, "St. Yared: The Great Ethiopian Composer", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_chant&oldid=1124513207, Articles with dead external links from December 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Written by Professor Sergew Hable Sellassie and Professor Tadesse Tamerat = [ ], 7. .. = , 20. What is the process of training and what is offered in the higher schools? = [ ], 3 - ( ) = , 4 - = , 5 - = , 7 - = , 8 - = , 9 - . Last updated 14 Jan. 2023 video At the end the graduation ceremony is closed by inviting him to sit on the chair (wmbr) of his master. He repeats this for months. However, zm also survives in the reli-gious tradition of the Falashas, a Judaized people living in northwestern Ethiopia whose origin is widely debated. A graduate of the Metsehaf Bet enjoys high prestige as a scholar and can take a high post in the Church hierarchy, such as head of a monastery (Gedam) or a large church (Debre). The final stage known as Qum Nebab is simple, if the above stage are well-mastered. During the evening the student endeavours to find the proper music to fit the Qene model he is going to compose; since all Qene has to be sung, his Qene piece must be suited to a corresponding musical form. Every evening he has to memorize the daily prayers. The related musical notation is known as melekket. 37 - , 1 - - ( 1 - 7 ) , 2 - , 6 - , 8 - - ( 8 - 11 ) , 9 - , 1 - .. , 2 - , 3 - , 4 - , 5 - , 6 - , 7 - , 8 - ' , 9 - , 10 - ' , 11 - , 12 - , 13 - , 14 - , 15 - , 16 - , 17 - , 18 - . The teacher may then make some remarks on the students work for the day. . [4], Saint Yared has been credited with the invention of the musical tradition of Ethiopian liturgical chants. The student learns Qene with more interest and motivation than the other disciplines, such as Zema. Ethiopian liturgical chant, or Zema, is a form of Christian liturgical chant practiced by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. . () = () ., 10 - () = , 11 - ( ) = ( ) - ., 12 - () = , 9. Children of the clergy, who use church lands usually enter such schools in order to become deacon or priests in a church (and thus keep their church land in the hands of the family). : 1 - Qedasse Bet The training of the altar priest = . = , 22. Today the standardized table Aa, Bu, Gi, Da is much used, however, so that the pupil may learn even this by heart and only comes to distinguish the individual characters well after much practice. This faith, the churches believes, is derived from the apostolic heritage and borne witness to in the New Testament against the background of the Old Testament. Besides this, the student is attracted by the adventurous and romantic life of a begging and wondering student, about whom much is spoken and fabulous stories are told. The Qne bet schools differ in their thinking and teaching methods. He must also profoundly study traditional cultural, social, intellectual and educational values (Alemayyehu Moges 1973: 92). () = , 17. The tradition began after the sixth century and is traditionally identified with Saint Yared.Through history, the Ethiopian liturgical chants have undergone an evolution similar to that of European liturgical chants. / [ ], 2. = , 9. Refresh. Server IP address resolved: Yes Http response code: 200 Response time: 0.55 sec. Debesey/Exesabeque#Eritrea #Ethiopia #TigraiWay Zema/ : Dn Filmon Yebyo: Orthodox Tewahdo Mezmur 2021https://youtu.be/oEOuYUPqFi4Zemari Filmo Yebyo Zema. There are Qene forms or models that the student has to master in order to be able to compose the Qene poems which are sung in different sections of the liturgy of the church or used to celebrate church and state ceremonials. From that time to the present the church schools have undergone little change. Zema-Bet education in the three selected Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido churches found in Bahir Dar city. Students come to the teacher in a group of three or four, all studying the same text. () = - ., 10. The teacher is usually engaged in some individual work such as reading, copying a manuscript, or even doing some handwork. Here the student attempts to put the letters together in a chanting form and read them as a word. Zema bet ( , lit. When he is able to distinguish the letters he passes to the next drill known as Geez, i.e. . . Regional varieties may have become standardized over time, and more symbols and segments of music have become available for composers. () = , 1. This role is encouraged by the shortage of places in government schools and the consequent preference given to children who can already read and write. Despite it's the Ethiopia Orthodox Mezmur old history and undiscovered information this topic is given a little focus and . . We shall not discuss here the historical development, but rather the educational activities of the schools, as we know them today in the country. This is available for about ten cents in every market place in the country, so that the traditional parchment is disappearing. Theoretically, both boys and girls and members of all ethnic groups and classes are eligible to enroll in church schools. ( ) = , 32. = [ . = , 8. There are different Qne bet the main centres of learning are in Wadla (Wllo), Gong (Goggam), Wara (Damot, Goggam); Gondr (s. Admasu Gmbre 1971/72: 10). Ethiopian liturgical chants were developed only after that. raider. Each group sings from a single text, or one of the groups sings and the rest observe him. They are known as ararai, ezil and geeze. The church schools that have been described above provide the continuation of traditional education in Ethiopia. The church school system has been the instrument that has preserved the traditional learning of Ethiopia and conveyed it faithfully to succeeding generations. Instruction in the Nebab bet consists almost exclusively of reading. In doing so, a In doing so, a mixed-method research ap proach with the convergent parallel . ( ) . = , 06. = , 8 - () = - - . [ . ], 3. = , 21. . Zema-Bet education in the three selected Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido churches found in Bahir Dar cit y. DEBESEY() : https://youtu.be/1MXnDADblAs5. It is a one-teacher school, with instruction given by a priest or layman with church education. He can then practice reading different religious texts. According to the Church Office there are about 15,000 churches in Ethiopia. = [ ]. . The advanced student of the Qne bet acting as assistant teacher is called zrafi, lit. This does not include pupils receiving instruction in the village schools and in private compounds. Fewer young people are motivated to study in the higher church schools. [2], Any form of Ethiopian gospel music was not recorded until the 1950s when priest Mere Geta Lisanework assisted the Ethiopian Radio in recording. (Literature school) 1) The Nebab Bet The Nebab Bet, the Reading School or the "House of Reading" is the first stage of the traditional schools, where primary instruction is given. The Qne bet teachers say that once the student has been taught the way of right thinking, he attains a position to express himself or to criticize oth- ers views. These are the only members of the clergy who are allowed to celebrate the mass and administer sacraments. Traditionally writing is not taught, since this was not needed in everyday life, unlike reading which is necessary for daily prayers and participating in the church service. 2) Qedasse Bet (Liturgy school) , 23. a) Zema Bet (Music school) On such tables the number of the letters and the forms in the seven orders remain the same, but the place of the characters is changed or mixed up, so that the child cannot depend only on his memory and the sequence in which he has memorized the characters. The 46 Books of the Old Testament are studied and commented upon. Zm has usually been identified as the music of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, an institution dating from the Ethiopian court's acceptance of Christianity in the fourth century. = , 4. ( ) 1 - () = : 19 = .. = , 19. This way the group can compare its progress to know how far it had grasped the interpretation of the previous time. One of the main reasons for this change is that the graduates of the church schools have lost their traditional elite status in the social order, which today particularly in the modern sector, is being occupied by those who have a modern western type of education. [ ], 3 - = , 4 - . = , 4. Required fields are marked *, I'm not a robot * In the course of the centuries the school system has grown and changed in many ways. 'house of zema [chant]') is a part of the system of traditional church education. () = , 20. . = [ Through observation or day-to-day practice and instruction by his priest-master, the boy learns the Church activities and functions of a deacon and of a priest. .hide-if-no-js { When he was studying a particular part of the Fidel the student unrolled the parchment and fixed the two-ends of the roll on a wooden stick with a piece of cloth or string. The church school system, which is one of the oldest in Christendom, originated in the Aksumite Kingdom with the introduction of Christianity about the 4th century. In earlier times the letters were written on a roll of parchment, which the pupil carried with him. = , 8 - ( ) = - ., 9 - ( ) = , 10 - = ( ) - ., 03. Zema bet ( , lit. There are several reasons for this. The web value rate of . The four steps are repeatedly drilled on the same text, Fidel Hawaria. The few handwritten manuscripts on parchments were, and still are, very expensive. However, in the urban centers and roadside towns the elementary church school, the Nebab Bet is flourishing as an institution to prepare pupils for Government schools, teaching young children literacy in Amharic. The method he uses is the chanting from and the Wurdnebab reading process. In the Zema bet, the following major discipline blocks are taught: (1) the Dggwa, (2) the Zmmare/Mwat, (3) Mzgb qddase/ Satat (not required for those who want to be ordained deacon and priest) and (4) Aqqwaqwam. . ' , 1. The pupil now learns to read the psalms, the most important devotional book of Ethiopian Christians. = , 25. In the student an aesthetic interest is developed, or at least awakened. learning by counting each letter. [12], Since the mid-1970s, large-scale emigration of Ethiopians has created a diaspora in the United States. He then learns Zeamlakiye (3 verses), Wazema (5 verses). In practice however, few fall into this category, and these few are not usually known as Debtera. The Qne bet ( 'house of the qne') is a stage of the traditional church education in the Ethiopian Orthodox Twahdo Church.It follows upon the nbab bet, the zema bet, the qddase bet and precedes the mshaf bet.In the Qne bet the students focus on the theory and practice of the composition of qne.The Qne bet student is frequently compared the hermit (mnna, from . The student has to learn each sentence of the commentary by heart. c) Metsehaf Bet which again have different subdivisions. Since the pupils do not understand the texts, the memorization drills are very exacting in energy and time. () = , 21. , 14. The main courses of study are in church music, church poetry, and religious literature, each divided according to content of instruction. b) Quene Bet and (Poetry school) The daily life in the Qne bet basically consists of hours of independent work, when the students memorize and ana- lyse famous qne, learn vocabularies and try to compose qne of their own; and sessions where they recite their poems in front of the teacher and other students receiving the most profound critical evaluation of their work, accept from the teacher lessons and work on them etc. = , 14. () = A reader of the psalms enjoys certain privileges as one of the elite in his village. Education takes place in liturgical dance schools called aqwaqwam bt and includes, in addition to singing and dancing, training in traditional instruments such as the kebero, drums, tsanatsel, sistrum, and mequamia. ( ) = , 4. In some cases students are made to memorize the texts of the Psalms. The students listen attentively and try to remember the comment word for word. the beginning of reading. ( ) = - ., 3. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church > > > > > > //// . Ethiopian Orthodox Church school's curriculum and its ways of provision, assessment, code of conduct, methodology and the livelihood of Ye'qolo Temari. We have seen that the Qedasse bet trains mainly the altar priests, who are known as the semonegna (those who serve weekly). A graduate of Qene School looks for a position in a Church and serves in the choir where he composes Qene and sings, or he may take a post as a minor teacher or administrator in the Church. 2003-Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -, 1. Low and deep voice. Despite hardships during the time of studies, many students hope for a good position in the Church, where the masters of qne have always been greatly appreciated. With the spread of modern education and a modern school system this institution is declining. . = , 1. In the evening the pupils come to the house of the teacher, which is also at the same time the school itself All stand around the teacher while the lesson is given. After some time the group goes again to the teacher and reads the same text and again comments on it. a) Fidel (Alphabets) Instruction In some cases the Ethiopic catechetical book, the Aemade Mestir (Columnae Mister), particularly Mistere Sellassie (on the Trinity), is taught in Amharic. To specialize in Qene so as to be a teacher in a higher school, the student must attend several schools and study more branches of Qene, which means studying and wandering for some years more. We may then be justified, with some reservation, in saying that at present the total Nebab bet enrolment might well be 300,000. The number and the kind of books the student has to read at this stage is not standardized. Ethiopian Orthodox Church (EOC). Their functions are extending rather to teaching, writing, ritual music, poetry, dances, painting, and administration of the church. 1) The Nebab Bet B TIMKETKA (): https://youtu.be/5xfT3aTCWOY4. = [ .. ], 3. In urban centres and roadside towns the Nebab bet has a new function today. There are ofcourse reasons for their diligence. The heavy demands of cultivation and cattle tending force the parents to demand the services of their children. = ( ) - ., 3. It is also an occasion of joy for the family, and the parents usually organize a feast to mark the event. All depends on the availability of books. In all these schools the students must learn the material by heart. Generally, the first epistle of St. John is used for the purpose. When the teacher is convinced from his daily observations that his pupil had mastered the reading exercises, he lets him start to learn the reading of the Psalms. The teacher normally does not set a formal examination to judge the work of the pupil. . THE CHURCH OF ETHIOPIA A PANORAMA OF HISTORY AND SPIRITUAL LIFE Most studies conclude that there has been impressive consistency since the 1500s. The activities of the priest, therefore, are limited to the rituals, which do not usually demand the understanding of the Scriptures. [ ], 9. [ ], 1. The Qne bet ( house of the qne) is a stage of the traditional church education in the Ethiopian OrthodoxTwahdoChurch. . . ], 2. When he has composed his Qene verse after the model assigned to him by the teacher, he then approaches the teacher, who sits for the most part of the day at a place known to all. ( ) :: . The Qene lessons usually start in the afternoon or in some places early in the evening. The function of an altar priest is limited to carrying out the rituals of the Mass and the Sacraments. [6], Students of Ethiopian liturgical chants study the Ge'ez language, and begin practicing singing in childhood. Zema or the chant tradition of Ethiopia, particularly the chants of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, is attributed to St. Yared, a composer and a choreographer who lived in Aksum in the 6th century AD. The pupil must first perfectly master Gz and build up his vocabulary, which is the main instru ment of learning as well as composing and interpreting qne. , . [4] Most of the Ethiopian Highlands had been Miaphysite Christian since the fourth century. Nibezhu ( 3 long verses), Sellassie ( 6 verses), Zeyieze ( 5 or 6 verses), Kibryieti ( 4 verses), Itane Mogar ( 7 or 11 verses) and Mewadis ( 8 verses). The higher schools of the church At certain ceremonies he may recite prayers, if no priest is available. Parallels are quoted from the history of the country while interpreting the passages on the Holy Land. .. Such schools may perhaps play a wider role within the context of the national campaign for literacy and provide more instruction for adults as well as young pupils. GUNDI WEYNI ( ) : https://youtu.be/8rKoXPaauI47. In turn, the knowledge of Qne bet is a precondition of the study of andmta in the mshaf bet. The teacher either accepts the verses or the offers critical comments and sends the student back for further meditation, students come at intervals to the teacher to recite in the manner. The expressions are vividly illustrated with parables, analogies, proverbs, and popular wisdom. Privacy-Statement . = , 15. . However, in rural districts, parents generally discouraged the education of girls, since their function is to be housewives, and for this role no formal education is felt to be necessary. [2][9] It can be assumed that the notations have become more and more complex as time has passed. This is the general term for the School of Commentaries composed of four branches. Traditional education derives its distinctive character from the unique Christian heritage of the country. ], 1. Contact-us These schools of commentaries are not to be found everywhere, but in large churches, Debre, and in monasteries, Geddam, where extensive libraries and famous teachers are to be found. To demonstrate this we should describe the average study day at the Zema Bet. [5] Yared, who lived in the sixth century, represents the first known case of indigenous Ethiopian musical notation and religious music. Here the child practices reading at a very lively pace, but without mistakes. Today children use a printed table of letters, which is glued on a single sheet of cardboard. () = , 3. In the Qne bet the students focus on the theory and practice of the composition of qne. The following illustration may make this clear. () - ., 10. = . There are also other Qene types which are however not as widespread as the Samenna Worq. A Debtera is a general term given to all those who have completed one of the higher schools of the church. Your email address will not be published. 81 2 . The second branch is the Haddis, a specialized school on the commentaries of the 35 Books of the Ethiopian New Testament. Quick Summary . Ethiopianorthodox.org traffic volume is 941 unique daily visitors and their 1,881 pageviews. Aside from the Authoritarian tradition there is another consideration; the student is not allowed to have a critical opinion about any text to be commented upon, since it is believed that God revealed the content to the Fathers through the Holy Sprit. The teacher of Zema sits in the middle of his pupils, who are practicing their daily assignment of the hymns individually or in-groups. = , 1. [ ], 9. The child uses four methods to practice reading this text known as Fidel Hawaria or the first Epistle of St. john, first he pronounces every letter of the word pointing at each letter with a straw (Qutir-method). The training challenges the memory of the child rather than leading him to think. = , 08. : 1: - - - However, before and after the mass there are readings of the scriptures, ritual dance, and long hymns and poems. The student strains his power of expression to construct the Qene verses in a vivid, enigmatic manner or to express his experience in social life in connection with biblical stories, visions, and legendary events. . = , 3. ( ) = , 2. 2, 117). A publication of the EOTC, Your email address will not be published. an evening lesson, or Yeqal Timhirt, i.e. After leaving the teacher each group moves apart and tries to comment on the text just as the teacher did, as much as possible word for word. [11] Ethiopian Church music remains tightly bounded within the communities and rarely attracts attention by outsiders. JECS is providing a platform for researchers, academicians, professionals, practitioners, and students to impart and share knowledge in the form . The resulting high morale in the school community helps the individual student to adapt himself to the hard work. A student of the Nebab Bet or Qedasse Bet, who would like to join the higher schools, usually leaves his parents and joins the wandering students who travel from parish to parish and form monastery to monastery. / eathebook ! The church school system has the following divisions: In the just completed Ethiopian year, it managed to get all its 8, 10, and 12 graders pass school leaving examinations.The School ranked 1st out of private schools in Addis Ababa and was awarded three cups as well as one big cup for being a general winner. On the day of his graduation the student is asked, by the guests and students present, to im- provize as many qne as they wish. Non-Christian families are reluctant to send their children to a Nebab bet because it is closely integrated with the church. Use a printed table of letters, which the pupil attracts attention by outsiders the... 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