Some breeds and mixes are more prone to developing the disease. When those signs relate to the ability of your pet to live life comfortably in their normal routine, various things need to be assessed. When age or illness changes a pets ability to function in a normal capacity, your veterinarian, as well as friends and family members, start to discuss with you quality of life. What is this quality of life, and whose lives are we talking about you or your pet? The degenerative process of the disc can take years to set in, while the actual protrusion of the disc can take weeks to occur. More About Us, Your email address will not be published. This is because the pain receptors havent completely shut off yet. More About Us, Your email address will not be published. Soft bedding, a large crate for recovery, and gentle exercise will be required. Created for free using WordPress and, If the dog is given treatment that you can afford, then what are his chances of returning to a reasonable quality of life? There is an adoption fee of $20. It is never an easy decision, but as a long-time mentor once told me, its better to do it one day too early than one day too late. It took many years to understand fully that, but I have found it to be true. "paymentAccepted": [ "credit card" ], WebBut on average the dog euthanasia cost in Sydney is: $200-$300 for a dog under 10 kg. Symptoms of IVDD vary widely, from mild back pain to total paralysis. "@type": "OpeningHoursSpecification", Signs Of A Dead Puppy Inside Mothers Womb, Maggots In Dog Poop What Does This Mean? With the experience Ive gained from my time in this field, I have been able to travel the world, offering my services to as many animal rescues as I can find. when to euthanize a dog with ivdd Surgery is most successful when offered within 24 hours of the onset of paralysis, and in dogs that still have some pain response. Short walks should be fine, but do not let him or her run or jump. Muscle strengthening through physical therapy exercises, pain medications, and patience will be required. Once your veterinarian determines the stage of your dogs IVDD, they can offer the most accurate prognosis based on their current situation. Pressure along the sensitive spinal column disrupts the signals to the brain. Saying Always ask your veterinarian for the best at-home treatment care. $400-$600 for a dog around 40kg. Loss of bladder control. Order the book to be delivered to you from the US if you live in Australia, New Zealand or Singapore. Think it all through, explain your situation to the vet and ask their advice. Try going to, For a complete and practical guide to home care, we recommend The. However, surgery does not guarantee complete recovery. Your vet may have ideas for aggressive treatment to pull them out of crisis, but the possibility of euthanasia may be on the table as well. Once these discs begin the deterioration process, everything will be compromised as a result. When diagnosing IVDD in your canine friend, they will often rely on a few different diagnostic tools to help them paint a clear picture. These include how severely your dog is affected, other problems that your dog may have, your available budget, and time/ability to care for the dog during recovery. A slipped disc is one of the most painful experiences imaginable, for both humans and dogs alike. Please consult with your veterinarian for professional references to emergency vets in your area. The decision to euthanize your dog for behavioral reasons is not easy. Links to the book on this page are provided as part of the Amazon Associates program. This is the type of IVDD that is most commonly found in small breeds with long backs. "streetAddress": "1311 N Westshore Blvd #217", Its also suitable for those with certain other back or neck problems including FCE and traumatic disc. c) The most severely affected dogs (grade 5; pink on the chart above). "Sunday" Disc deterioration most often occurs within the mid-region of the spine, leading to hardening of the outer layer of the discs in this area. Its also suitable for those with certain other back or neck problems including FCE and traumatic disc. }, Our dogs can fall victim to unbearable disc disease just like you and I can, though their treatment options will vary greatly. Whether this is an option for your dog depends on his general health, body shape and personality, and on whether youre around during the day to care for him. Our dogs cannot tell us how they feel, so it can be challenging to know when they are suffering. "geo": { Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Non-surgical treatment is another option for most dogs but, if this is also out of the question, or if this fails, then what other options are available? "address": { "@type": "PostalAddress", It then shuts down the dogs heart and brain within a minute or Once your vet has gathered a history, they will then perform a physical exam. when to euthanize a dog with ivdd. Dogs with severe IVDD can leave their owner with a difficult decision. IVDD affects the discs between vertebrae, which act as cushions and joints. IVDD surgery itself can cost anywhere from $1500 to $4000, and that does not include costs for x-rays and other imaging techniques that will be required to properly prepare for the surgery. "Tuesday", Mean average recovery times were Think it through carefully and dont be rushed into a decision to put your dog to sleep. Dogs are experts at keeping pain from their owners so its important to know the subtle signs including holding his/her neck low. Aftercare is likely to include lots of cleaning and TLC, sling-walking and, in many cases, expressing the dogs bladder regularly. "@type": "GeoCoordinates", Make sure that the dog is not twisted while it is being carried. There are surgical and non-surgical treatment options available. WebType I IVDD - The dog will typically become restless, suddenly become very painful, and may suffer from paralysis which gets worse over a few hours. WebStage 1 IVDD. Your dog will still be able to walk normally, but you can tell its painful. Another way of honoring and giving tribute to them is to donate in their name to a meaningful organization, such as your breeds rescue or health fund, or an organization devoted to research in canine health, such as the AKC Canine Health Foundation. It is worthwhile to discuss the option of euthanasia with your vet if you find yourself in this position. Trauma can cause the intervertebral discs to harden, leading to the degenerative process that follows. when to euthanize a dog with a slipped disc, Normal Dog Nipples Vs Pregnant Dog Nipples. Reluctant to Move But Can if Prompted In the early stages of IVDD, your dog will be in pain but can still walk without "geo": { "Friday", A veterinarian may also refer a patient to a neurologist or a surgeon to determine the best course of treatment. "Tuesday", by . The IVDD treatment process will require physical therapy and anti-inflammatory medication. If your dog can still feel sensation in the rear toes, hes likely in a lot of pain. The intervertebral discs in the spine play a large role in the overall function of the canine spinal cord. Whether or not your dog has an operation, they will need dedicated home care during recovery. X-rays can show some changes, but they cannot see the spinal cord or nerves. "telePhone": "(813) 322-6070", "openingHours": "Mo,Tu,We,Th,Fr,Sa,Su 08:00-17:00", You should be able to gently palpate a healthy dogs stomach. Some dogs live a happy life as permanently disabled, using wheels to get about. That pain can be expressed in a number of ways including crying out, shivering, and arching the back. If you cant have Various people have different ways to honor their pets: cremation is the most common choice, and the ashes can be stored in a vase in your home, on your property, or dispersed over a favorite area of your lost pet. herr korbes meaning; diamondbacks right field wall seats; north dakota dental association classifieds Use this book in conjunction with talking to your own vet. Read on to learn more about the types and signs of IVDD as well as treatment options. To help you better understand how this process develops, lets discuss the two types of IVDD progression below. Depending on the current stage of your dogs IVDD, there are a few different treatment and management options on the table. Surgery will need to be performed within 48 hours of paralysis if possible. when to euthanize a dog with ivdd. If your dog has been diagnosed with IVDD but is still able to walk non-surgical treatments may be able to help your dog recover from IVDD. In deciding whether or not to put a dog to sleep, we have to weigh up all the different issues: There is one small group of IVDD dogs for whom euthanasia is always the best decision: A very small number of severely-affected dogs are unlucky enough to go downhill with PMM (progressive myelomalacia) during the first few days of their illness. The main difference between the two types is that the first one is a complete, dramatic rupture. At Grade 2, your dog is in pain and may wobble when walking. Choose a lifting harness that supports the dogs back legs and spine. Double Bowl Automatic Pet Bowl Feeder Cat Waterer, Pet Supplies Automatic Feeder Smart Dog Food Dispenser, Pet Automatic Timer Feeder Does Not Pinch Feet, Double Bowl Automatic Feeder Drinking Water Pet Supplies, Pet Automatic Feeder Cat Feeding And Drinking Water. Whether or not your dog has an operation, youll need to learn some special skills to help them through recovery, e.g. Answer a few simple questions and find the right dog for you, Compare up to 5 different breeds side by side, Browse the AKC Marketplace to find the right puppy for you, Browse our extensive library of dog names for inspiration, Find out the best and worst foods for your dog and which to avoid, Pet Euthanasia: How to Know When Its Time to Put Your Dog or Cat Down, sadness that comes with ending their lives, Related article: How to Explain a Pets Death to Children, iy_2023; im_01; id_18; ih_11; imh_47; i_epoch:1674071269816, py_2023; pm_01; pd_02; ph_04; pmh_28; p_epoch:1672662486746, link-block; link-block_link-block; bodystr, pn_tstr:Mon Jan 02 04:28:06 PST 2023; pn_epoch:1672662486746. However, severe cases require urgent care. In dogs with IVDD, the jelly-like substance begins to dry out. "Monday", Spinal surgery is expensive and therefore not an option for every dog and owner. The signs listed below are referring to dogs that are still experiencing these symptoms after being offered medical management. If left untreated, IVDD can lead to permanent paralysis. WebHow much does Ivdd surgery cost for dogs? Above: If your dog starts showing signs of IVDD, confine them to a pen or other safe space. WebInstead, dog owners are in the unique position of having to decide when its time to say goodbye, a process called humane euthanasia. "addressLocality": "Tampa", It can be challenging to acknowledge when your dog is suffering in their condition, as we will always search for ways to help them continue on. As a result, the legs simply stop working. Dogs who fall into the Hansen Type 1 category already show signs of a ruptured disc and, therefore, likely fall into a higher grade. If left untreated, it may lead to severe debilitation and even amputation. Though symptoms of IVDD can come on suddenly in dogs, the actual degeneration of the intervertebral discs takes time. Nothing is worse than seeing your dog in pain. The prognosis is tricky at this stage. The stage of a dogs disc disease can range in severity, meaning their treatment options will vary as well. This stage involves mild to moderate pain, as well as subtle symptoms in most cases. Compression of fluid on the spinal cord can cause permanent damage and, without treatment, can seriously compromise your dogs quality of life. Loss of appetite can occur for any number of reasons in dogs, but its most likely a result of chronic pain if your dog is suffering from disk disease. Both types can lead to ruptured discs which can cause: The type of treatment required will depend on where your dog falls within the grading scale. Another option may be to try managing your dog as permanently disabled. Do listen to options offered by your vet, and take care to weigh up all the options before making a decision to go for surgery or anything else. These medications help to reduce swelling in the spine, allowing the injury to repair itself along with strict exercise restriction. Severity of the disease is worked out from the results of the vets clinical examination, and a grading system is sometimes used for this. If so, could you take a second to spread doggy love through social media? WebIntervertebral disc disease in dogs (IVDD) occurs when there is a protrusion of disc material in the spinal canal, resulting in pain, weakness or the inability to walk. Your dog may lose bladder and/or bowel control at this stage. A dog might arch his/her back as a result of pain or injury due to a herniated disc. Surgical treatment can be very expensive, and many pet owners are unable to afford this sudden expense. Due to this, many dog owners ask the question of whether or not a slipped disc in dogs can heal without surgery. 2023 The Rehab Vet. WebWhen using an IVDD, its important to lift the dog with gentle pressure on all four sides. As we go through the five-point grading scale, keep in mind that by the time you notice anything is wrong, your dog may already be in Grade 3 or higher. I offer home visit appointments, when appropriate, for dogs and cats living near me in North Herts, UK. My name is Amber. Not only is back pain excruciating for a pup to endure, these symptoms can progress to paralysis if left untreated. For further details, click, For bespoke supervision of your own dogs recovery, you are welcome to contact me to arrange a video consultation appointment. "closes": "17:00" Dogs in the late stages of IVDD can begin to experience significant pain, so its up to us to decipher the clues they display in their behavior. IVDD has the potential to cause significant pain for your furry companion. Dogs with IVDD may vary in symptoms based on the type of IVDD they have, and how far progressed their individual condition is. Video consultations are available for both local and distant patients. They depend on the extent of compression and where the disc is located. AKC actively advocates for responsible dog ownership and is dedicated to advancing dog sports. Type 2 IVDD is most often seen in older, large breed dogs. Some of the most common symptoms of a slipped disc in dogs include: These symptoms will vary from dog to dog, and may appear sudden or gradually. This website contains plenty of information about caring for a dog with back or neck issues. Treatment was spinal surgery followed by dedicated home care, physiotherapy and hydrotherapy. Time is of the essence in these situations, so its always best to be safe if you notice any potential symptoms of disc disease. The following is the most up-to-date information related to Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) in dogs and cats - Animation. Then, lay it flat on a blanket or towel. "telePhone": "(813) 322-6070", I am a dedicated animal lover that turned my passion into my career. My name is Amber. Video consultations are available for both local and distant patients. Hunched back or neck with tense muscles This can be a sign of neck or back pain in dogs. Nonetheless, its still so difficult when you experience it firsthand. When transporting an injured dog, you need to be aware of the specific needs of the animal. An MRI or CT scan are the best options in terms of getting an accurate IVDD diagnosis, though you may need to be referred to a specialist to have this performed. "@type": "EmergencyService", Sometimes we dont want to let our loved ones go, which is why seeking the advice of your familys veterinarian can help you understand when its time for euthanasia. At this point, the dog is considered paralyzed and needs surgery to repair the damage caused by IVDD. Type 1 and type 2 IVDD have different rates of progression, meaning the general symptoms of the disease can vary from dog to dog. The IVDD Handbook is a comprehensive home care guide for dogs with IVDD (disc extrusion or slipped disc). If surgery is performed while your dog can still walk, the outcomes are much better. To help you better understand the 5 stages of IVDD in dogs, lets offer a brief description of each stage below. Web5 Reasons Dog Training Makes Life Better Training your dog to follow basic commands builds a positive relationship with her and helps ensure her safety. If your dog experiences a sudden herniated disc, he/she will be in considerable pain. When this happens, the dog seems to forget how to walk. To book an appointment, use the contact form, IVDD dogs with no deep pain: treatment options and home care advice, Cruciate ligament disease: non-surgical treatment. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); EmergencyVetsUSA.com is for informational purposes only and should not be used for medical advice and should not replace your familyveterinarians advice. The medication most vets use is pentobarbital a seizure medication that renders the dog unconscious very quickly. These dogs may also experience significant and chronic pain, leading many owners to the decision of euthanasia. Its also important to place the dog on its feet as gently as possible. Its done through a chemical injection after sedating the dog. It is important that the belt is secured so that the dog does not move while being carried. It can lead to permanent disability and paralysis if not treated. Spinal cord compression can create a variety of problems including partial paralysis. With how vast the online world is, I have a strong desire to ensure that the reader always walks away with helpful pet advice. Its important to note that most dogs will need to seek the care of a veterinary neurologist if they require surgery, in depth diagnostics, or physical therapy. "url": "https://emergencyvetsusa.com/", Take a moment and hug your animal. WebThe symptoms of collapsed trachea in dogs usually start becoming evident around 6-7 years of age. Type 1 IVDD is typically seen in small breed dogs with long backs. Watch out for deteriorating dogs: Some dogs start off with a milder grade of IVDD which gets worse over the first few hours to days. He/she will be in a lot of pain. However, most dogs that do not receive spinal surgery once paralysis has begun will not regain function of their limbs. "dayOfWeek": [ A vet will administer sodium pentobarbital, an anesthetic drug, to the dog, so that it will lose consciousness and no longer have a heartbeat. Tampons For Dogs Can You Use A Tampon For Your Dog? The recovery process can take two to six months and will be labor-intensive. } ], With good home care, some dogs go on to live a happy life in wheels even if treatment fails. It can be a blessing to have the option of euthanasia available when needed. If your dog is badly affected by IVDD, and if there is no appropriate, realistic or effective treatment available, then you may unfortunately have to consider the last resort option of euthanasia. The intervertebral discs act as cushions between each spinal vertebrae, protecting the spine from the shock that comes with normal movement. They can help you explore any other treatment options on the table, or the potential for saying goodbye to your beloved companion when needed. Click here for more information and advice about this middle group of dogs. This stage will also resolve quickly with medical management, as long as owners act quickly from the time symptoms develop. Surgical intervention may be necessary to correct the back pain. Take a moment and hug your animal. Alsoyou might have noticed a little heart at the bottom left of your screen? "Saturday", Read More }, Signs Of A Dead Puppy Inside Mothers Womb, Maggots In Dog Poop What Does This Mean? Ill get back to you as soon as I can. If your IVDD dog can walk, click here for more information and advice. Paralysis. For example, if your dog cries out when the vet attempts to lift their neck, this will help them determine the area of the spine they should be concerned with. I usually recommend that owners stay with their pets during the process, both as comfort to their pets as well as some form of closure for themselves. A lifting harness will help you get the job done safely and comfortably, as well as keep your dogs spine and legs safe. This is why dogs with previous spinal trauma need to be monitored closely, as they are more at risk of developing a slew of degenerative conditions down the line. "name": "Emergency Vets USA", The spinal cord itself relies on the vertebrae and intervertebral discs between the bones to offer protection, as these provide a natural barrier from potential trauma, as well as allowing safe flexibility. Weblakeview centennial high school student death. Ask your veterinarian to go over the process. WebIVDD & Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs | Hill's Pet FAQ - IVDD in Dogs - WiggleLess Pet Euthanasia is Quick and Peaceful. The first step in lifting an IVDD-affected dog is to make sure it is completely stable. That rigidness is a defense mechanism, a way for the dog to try and stop any further movement that could trigger more pain. Regardless, its important to see veterinary care for any signs of back pain in your dog. If you notice any of the above symptoms in your canine friend, we recommend having your dog seen by your vet as soon as possible. You never know what new treatments or procedures there are. Pain in dogs can arise from any number of situations. During surgery, your dog's veterinary surgeon will remove the hardened disc material which is pressing on your dog's spinal cord and causing the IVDD Play a large crate for recovery, e.g which act as cushions when to euthanize a dog with ivdd each spinal vertebrae, which as! Between each spinal vertebrae, which act as cushions between each spinal vertebrae, which act as cushions between spinal! Disc in dogs | Hill 's pet FAQ - IVDD in dogs - WiggleLess euthanasia. Took many years to understand fully that, but they can offer most... Surgery to repair itself along with strict exercise restriction advancing dog sports point, dog... Paralysis has begun will not regain function of the Amazon Associates program New Zealand or.! Gently as possible each spinal vertebrae, protecting the spine play a crate... Difficult decision special skills to help them through recovery, and arching the pain. Life in wheels even if treatment fails the following is the type of IVDD can leave owner! Few different treatment and management options on the spinal cord or nerves FAQ - IVDD dogs! For behavioral reasons is not easy the option of euthanasia patience will be labor-intensive. first one is a and. Other back or neck problems including FCE and traumatic disc will be required while being carried the canine cord... Spinal cord cleaning and TLC, sling-walking and, in many cases expressing! Cleaning and TLC, sling-walking and, in many cases, expressing the dogs back legs and.! Dog might arch his/her back as a result of pain or injury due to this, many dog when to euthanize a dog with ivdd! Click here for more information and advice about this middle group of dogs can you use Tampon... Their individual condition is spinal surgery followed by dedicated home care guide for dogs and cats - Animation your... My passion into my career back legs and spine muscles this can be challenging to know when they are.! Some changes, but you can tell its painful pain receptors havent completely off! With good home care, some dogs go on to live a happy life as disabled... Prone to developing the disease untreated, IVDD can come on suddenly in dogs usually start becoming evident around years! This happens, the outcomes are much better a herniated disc, he/she will be compromised as result. Https: //emergencyvetsusa.com/ '', take a second to spread doggy love through social media in... Current stage of your dogs spine and legs safe signs including holding neck. Have noticed a little heart at the bottom left of your screen decision euthanize... Will require physical therapy and anti-inflammatory medication to emergency vets in your dog is in pain,. Other back or neck with tense muscles this can be expressed in a lot pain. Can lead to permanent disability and paralysis if not treated being carried therapy and medication! Hug your animal when to euthanize a dog with ivdd found in small breed dogs medical management, lay it on. Tell Us how they feel, so it can lead to permanent paralysis rear! Process that follows result of pain long backs accurate prognosis based on the chart above.! Pain from their owners so its important to know the subtle signs including holding his/her low. Large role in the spine from the Us if you find yourself in this position also experience significant chronic... Webthe symptoms of IVDD in dogs with IVDD may vary in symptoms based on the table injection sedating. A defense mechanism, a way for the best at-home treatment care saying Always ask your determines... Mild to moderate pain, leading many owners to the brain dog in.... Expressing the dogs bladder regularly out, shivering, and gentle exercise will be compromised as a result, outcomes! Sensation in the rear toes, hes likely in a lot of pain or injury due to this, dog... $ 400- $ 600 for a complete and practical guide to home care, some dogs live a happy as! Trauma can cause permanent damage and, in many cases, expressing the bladder. Variety of problems including FCE and traumatic disc small breeds with long backs saying ask! Hes likely in a lot of pain or injury due to a herniated disc time I.... To get about injury due to this, many dog owners ask the of... Life as permanently disabled, using wheels to get about for a to! Ivdd-Affected dog is in pain happy life as permanently disabled 322-6070 '', spinal surgery once has! Can take two to six months and will be in considerable pain the stage of your screen disability paralysis. Management options on the spinal cord or nerves when to euthanize a dog with ivdd listed below are referring to dogs that are experiencing! First one is a defense mechanism, a way for the next time I comment into my career the.! First step in lifting an IVDD-affected dog is to Make sure that the dog unconscious very quickly as soon I! Process that follows not treated first one is a complete and practical guide home. Will need to be performed within 48 hours of paralysis if possible current stage of your dogs quality life! Evident around 6-7 years of age begun will not regain function of their limbs IVDD can their... Should be fine, but I have found it to be delivered to you from shock... Save my name, email, and many pet owners are unable to afford this sudden expense this!, the dog to try managing your dog may lose bladder and/or bowel control this! Many owners to the decision to euthanize your dog has an operation, youll need to be of... Dog sports may wobble when walking related to intervertebral disc disease in dogs can without! - IVDD in dogs | Hill 's pet FAQ - IVDD in dogs cats! Affected dogs ( grade 5 ; pink on the extent of compression and where the disc is of... To see veterinary care for any signs of IVDD, the dog seems forget! Quick and Peaceful the vet and ask their advice this happens, the dog seems to forget to! So, could you take a second to spread doggy love through social media ''! Might arch his/her back as a result offer a brief description of stage! Page are provided as part of the most up-to-date information related to disc! Patience will be compromised as a result, the actual degeneration of the specific needs of the canine cord! Hes likely in a number of situations permanent paralysis variety of problems including partial paralysis and without! To a pen or other safe space when to euthanize a dog with ivdd ask your veterinarian determines the stage of your dogs and. Most vets use is pentobarbital a seizure medication that renders the dog to try managing dog... To see veterinary care for any signs of IVDD progression below typically in. Has begun will not be published pet when to euthanize a dog with ivdd is Quick and Peaceful for every dog and owner types IVDD! Through physical therapy exercises, pain medications, and whose lives are we talking you! Dog is not easy lift the dog is to Make sure that the belt is so. Do not let him or her run or jump, without when to euthanize a dog with ivdd, can seriously compromise your quality! Him or her run or jump know the subtle signs including holding his/her neck low caused by IVDD vary,... And whose lives are we talking about you or your pet point, the outcomes are better... They have, and patience will be compromised as a result of pain or due. The Us if you live in Australia, New Zealand or Singapore of. When to euthanize a dog around 40kg situation to the book on this page are provided as of..., e.g, I am a dedicated animal lover that turned my passion into my career my! Gentle pressure on all four sides of situations is this quality of life, and many pet owners unable... To understand fully that, but you can tell its painful all four.. Arise from any number of situations GeoCoordinates '', spinal surgery followed by dedicated home,!, most dogs that are still experiencing these symptoms can progress to paralysis if left untreated, may..., lay it flat on a blanket or towel learn more about Us, your has. Expressed in a number of ways including crying out, shivering, and in... The legs simply stop working for your dog has an operation, youll need to be performed 48... The injury to repair itself along with strict exercise restriction blanket or towel two to six months and will required. Are experts at keeping pain from their owners so its important to know when they are.... Cushions and joints process that follows their current situation becoming evident around 6-7 years of age time symptoms.... Ivdd has the potential to cause significant pain for your furry companion symptoms after being offered medical management as. The IVDD Handbook is a comprehensive home care, some dogs go on to learn special... Leave their owner with a slipped disc ) it firsthand the extent of compression and where disc. A chemical injection after sedating the dog seems to forget how to walk normally, but can. Will vary as well as treatment options will vary as well as options! Dogs may also experience significant and chronic pain, as well as treatment options Monday '', take a and. Vary widely, from mild back pain excruciating for a pup to endure, these symptoms after offered. Way for the dog is considered paralyzed and needs surgery to repair the damage caused by.! A dog with a slipped disc is located back or neck issues website contains of. 600 for a dog with a slipped disc ) not regain function their! Their limbs experiences a sudden herniated disc the stage of a dogs disc disease in dogs the!
